Pine Mountain Settlement School
Series 09: BIOGRAPHY – Staff
Abby Winch Christensen
[Abigail Winch Christensen]
Housemother (Far House) 1924 – 1928;
Teacher, English Folk Dancing 1927-1949;
Teacher, Weaving, and Mechanical Drawing 1944-1949
(Born 1887; Died 1969)

ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Staff

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TAGS: Abby Winch Christensen, Abby “Winnie” Christensen, Abbie Winch Christensen , landscape architect, folk dancers, English Country Dance, Radcliff College, Appalachian music, Appalachian dance, abolitionists, Neils Christensen, Abbie Mandana Holmes Christensen, Neils Christensen, Andrea Christensen Patterson, race relations, Denmark, Quakers, activists, teachers, mechanical drawing, weavers, botanists, vegetable dyes, MIT, Monica Tetzleff, Fred and Esther Burkhard

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ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN: Her Family

Born February 7, 1887, in Beaufort, South Carolina, Abbie Winch Christensen (“Winnie”) was named for her remarkable mother, Abbie Mandana Holmes Christensen (1852-1938), a graduate of Mount Holyoke College, an abolitionist, and a woman suffragist. Her mother left a high bar for her daughter and a lasting confusion regarding her name. Both Abbie [Abby] Winch, the daughter and Abbie Mandana her mother, may sometimes be found incorrectly conflated as one as they both refer to “Abigail.”

The family gravestone for Pine Mountain’s Abby confusingly reads, ” Abby Winch Christensen, Daughter of Niels & Abby M.H. Christensen Feb. 7, 1887 – Sept. 6, 1969.” While many official records list Abby M.H. Christensen as “Abbie” and many references to Pine Mountain’s “Abby” are recorded as “Abbie,” we have tried in this record to retain “Abby” Winch Christensen as the name of record. That version of her name is how Abigail Winch Christensen signed all her letters and assigned her stationary letterhead. “Abby” also appeared on official documents at Pine Mountain Settlement School. The use of Abby “Winnie” and Abbie Winnie is often associated in friendly references to this “one and the same Abby” though the reader may find lapses throughout this record to “Abbie” which, in association with Pine Mountain, is a reference to daughter Abby Winch and not Abbie Mandana Christensen, her mother.

Abbie Mandana Holmes Christensen, Abby Winch’s (Winnie) mother, a native of Massachusetts and Neils Christensen (1840-1909), a Danish sea captain, arrived separately in Beaufort, South Carolina, near the close of the Civil War. Beaufort, a small town on Port Royal island, one of the coastal Sea Islands in South Carolina, was home to many individuals of abolitionist sympathy. Known as the Port Royal Experiment, Abbie Mandana Holmes’ father joined the growing number of like-minded “Yankees” who sought to provide industrial training and education to thousands of slaves and Union whites who had sought refuge in the outer islands as the war intensified. Not yet fully freed, the slaves were protected by their geography and the flight of Confederate soldiers after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863. Large tracts of land belonged to the government and it was on this sliver of land, on the island of Coosaw that Abby Winch’s (“Winnie”) grandfather joined others in a charitable experiment to raise up the slave populations in the area through demonstration farms, Bible study, crafts, and a mutual belief that all were doing “God’s work” and that rewards would follow. In many ways, these programs and aspirations echoed many of the values of the early settlement schools in the Appalachians.

One of those who engaged “Gods Work” with Neils Christensen was R.G. Holmes, the father of his wife Abby [Abbie]. A dedicated abolitionist, Holmes nearly died from typhoid doing “God’s work,” which involved hands-on work in a quasi-plantation arrangement with the island African Americans and the hostile environment of the coastal island. Holmes survived and undaunted returned North to collect his wife Rebecca and the family, including twelve-year old Abbie, his daughter and the future mother of Abby Winnie, to join him on the South Carolina coast. The entire family arrived in Beaufort in 1864. The small coastal town was to remain the family base for Abby Winnie Christensen throughout her life and many of her letters are postmarked “Beaufort, SC”.

Near Christmas, when Sherman’s march swelled the population of Beaufort and the surrounding islands with desperate black and white refugees, the Holmes family watched with anxiety. But, by April of 1865, Lee had surrendered at Appomattox and the Port Royal Experiment rejoiced and the work gained new strength. Their celebration was, however, short-lived for even as Special Field Order 15 declared that coastal land from the Seal Islands to the St. Johns River was reserved for black settlement, there were negotiations intent on reverting ownership to whites as the agricultural experiments developed by the abolitionists and the local African Americans became more and more profitable. 

The Port Royal Agricultural School of 1870, was originally conceived by Abbie Mandana Holmes’ father, R.G. Holmes and like-minded abolitionists including Neils Christensen. Most of those associated with the Port Royal school were abolitionists and Quakers from Pennsylvania who were familiar with the Sea Islands as a sanctuary for African Americans seeking safety from slavery. Their school was established in the area of Port Royal Sound, just a short distance from Beaufort. The area, taken by the Union Army before the war’s end, was a secure haven. The Confederates were forced to flee during the War so the islands became a safe sanctuary for African Americans and abolitionists.

The school, founded shortly after the close of the war, had as its intent to offer support for the Sea Islanders who were struggling to survive in their new-found but often illiterate freedom. The name “Port Royal” alludes to the early Quaker settlement in Jamaica destroyed by an earthquake in 1682 and whose survivors fled to the new northern Colonial mainland.  Monica  Teztlaff’s book Cultivating the New South: Abbie Holmes Christensen and the Politics of Race and Gender, 1852–1938, fully describes the early life of Abbie Mandana Holmes Christensen and the Port Royal school. Published in 2002, Textlaff’s book outlines the work that Abby Winch Christensen’s parents and grandparents completed in Beaufort, and at Port Royal School, SC. The brief book “blurb” notes

The story of a Yankee reformer and her life in Beaufort County, South Carolina; Born into a Massachusetts abolitionist family, Abbie Holmes Christensen (1852-1938) epitomized the Yankee reformer spirit of the nineteenth century. Well-educated and passionate about human rights, she moved to Beaufort, South Carolina, with her parents in 1864 as part of the Port Royal Experiment. In 1870, as a teenager, she began teaching black students. During her life she labored to educate South Carolina’s African Americans, fought for women’s equal participation in politics, and eventually took a role in the Socialist Party of America. Monica Maria Tetzlaff’s biography of this activist reformer reveals not only the life of an intriguing individual but also the history of the Sea Islands of South Carolina during a neglected era – from Reconstruction to the New Deal. Tetzlaff chronicles Abbie Holmes’s education at Mount Holyoke College, her return to Beaufort, and her marriage in 1875 to Niels Christensen, a Danish immigrant and former captain of Colored Troops in the Union army. Tetzlaff depicts the intensity of Christensen’s private and public life as the mother of six children …

One of those six was Pine Mountain’s Abby Winch Christensen. When her mother, Abbie Mandana Holmes came with her parents to the Sea Islands, she was strongly influenced by the rich Gullah culture. She listened to the folk tales, the unique language of the Gullah people and played with her African American neighbors, and learned their stories. Many churches in Beaufort were integrated and her relationships deepened throughout her life. Both she and her mother recorded their experiences in a series of diaries. These family diaries and journals held by the University of South Carolina archives are some of the richest historical accounts in South Carolina of life during the Reconstruction era along the South Carolina coast.

It was with this rich early immersion that Abbie Mandana Holmes departed to Ipswich Female Seminary in Massachusetts in 1866, where she excelled. She was back in Beaufort in 1867, when the need to provide care for her mother interrupted her studies. Her mother’s mental decline had become precipitous. When it was clear that her mother could not be cared for at home, she was admitted to Bellevue Asylum in New York City, and died there in 1868, apart from the family. 

By 1870 Niels Christensen I, Abbie Mandana Winch’s father, now a widower, was deeply engaged in South Carolina politics and the family wealth was increasing. The census shows the family as one of the most prosperous in Beaufort, South Carolina. Also, during this busy time Abbie’s father had remarried and his daughter, the mother of Abby Winch Christensen (1852-1938), had become a highly respected teacher and a well-known suffragist and temperance reformer. The family wealth afforded her both time and money and freedom from household chores. At eighteen, she sought out and was assigned as a school teacher in the interracial school in Beaufort, SC.  The Superintendent Landon Langley, who hired her was black and had worked with her father during the South Carolina constitutional convention. Under Langley’s direction, Abbie Mandana Holmes stumbled but then thrived. Langley nurtured her along and ultimately praised the work of young Abbie Holmes.  Her journal records the encouragement, the struggles, and the successes of her early experience. It was praise that shaped her future and praise that she used to later shape her own students.

The abolitionist work of Abbie Mandana Holmes’ parents had also given their daughter Abbie an edge when she left to attend Mount Holyoke Seminary in 1872. At Mt. Holyoke, one of the earliest models for women’s colleges in the United States, and a well-known leader in the Sufferagist Movement Abbie Holmes thrived.  She was surrounded by strong women and motivated by the mission of the institution which declared that “The pupils were to be trained to help themselves mainly for the sake of helping others.” It was this deep well that gave Abbie’s daughter, Abby Winch Christensen her deeply held beliefs and later her dedication to Pine Mountain Settlement School and its values.

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 THE FAMILY WELL

This early family history in Beaufort, SC was formative in shaping the life and outlook of Abbie Holmes Christensen and later her daughter Abby Winch Christensen. Before the Civil War,  Abbie Holmes’ parents had been drawn to coastal South Carolina and before the birth of their son Neils Christensen, Abby Holmes’ father. When the two abolitionists married, they were both dedicated to the founding of a school for the coastal population of negroes. Their founding experiment can be traced in the history of the well-known Port Royal education experiment known as the Port Royal Agricultural School, and today known as Penn Center.

The Port Royal Educational School, one of the earliest schools for African Americans, while serving the need for an educated agricultural work force, influenced other similar educational training programs. It operated with difficulty through the Civil War but sought to continue its programs by providing education to Freedmen following the Civil War.Today the remnants of the School ma be found in the Penn Center near Beaufort. 

Neils Christensen, Abbie’s father, was a native of Denmark who fought in the Civil War on the Union side and led one of the most exemplary U.S. Colored troops. Both parents Neils and Abbie Holmes, were following a path well-defined by other abolitionists around them but their work in Beaufort was a haven for those devoted to human and civil rights and their efforts modeled progressive programs for the surrounding area in the best of service to humanity. All this during a time of conflict and inhumanity found in the pre and post Civil War years. 

Abby Winch Christensen, the daughter of Abbie Holmes Christensen and Neils Christensen III. came from such a rich social heritage it seems difficult to imagine her life and that of her six siblings ever being “ordinary’, Abby’s older brother, Niels Christensen, Jr, ( 1913-1974) was a Senator in the South Carolina Legislature, and had inherited the Beaufort Gazette from his father Neils Christensen III, owner and editor of the first Beaufort Gazette newspaper that began publication in 1903. Like Abby, her brother Neils Jr was a lifetime supporter of human rights. He was particularly sensitive regarding the rights of African Americans. He advocated for those rights in his years as a Senator … and it was not an easy battle. Yet, like his father who had headed a courageous infantry of African Americans against the Southern troops in the Civil War, he pressed his legislative obligations forward and often stalled the segregationists just as his father had stalled the Confederates in the Civil War. Like his father, who had led an African American troop against the South in the Civil War, he often politically prevailed. 

In South Carolina, the views of the family were sometimes negatively introduced by his opponents in his state campaigns for public office, but his fair and even hand kept him in his Senatorial office for nearly twenty-two years. Eleven years older than Abby, Sen. Niels Christensen Jr was a strong influence on Abby, as were their socially conscious mother and father and the other siblings. In 1940 Abbie Holmes Christensen lost her brother Neils III (born 1876-1940) in a tragic automobile accident. He was an uncle of Abby Winch Christensen.

ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN: Early Career

As a young woman, Abby Winch served with the Red Cross in France during WWI from 1918-1919, as part of the Civilian Committee of the Beaufort County Chapter of the American Red Cross. Following the war and in the family’s footsteps, Abby did not follow her mother’s educational footsteps to Mt. Holyoke College but, instead, marched off to Radcliffe College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she followed in many ways her mother’s educational interests and her Quaker beliefs. At Radcliff College, she became strongly interested in folklore. Unlike her family, her interest was not in the Gullah or the African American culture of the coastal Carolinas, but was, interestingly, English Folklore. At Radcliff, she joined the English Folk Song Society and the Appalachian Club. One of her strongest passions was English Folk Dancing, which she taught at several summer camps before arriving at Pine Mountain Settlement School in 1924. It was at Pine Mountain where she planted her social and aesthetic roots. Thanks to Cecil Sharp and others Pine Mountain was quickly becoming known as a center of English folklore and dance and it was where Abby grew to become a recognized leader in the English Folk Dance movement and also brought Pine Mountain Settlement School strongly into the movement..

ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN: Pine Mountain Settlement School

At Pine Mountain, Abby found other Quakers and women with abolitionist roots but more importantly she found an extended family of folklorists. She began as housemother in Far House in 1924 and was teaching folk-dancing as early as 1927, according to that year’s March issue of Notes from the Pine Mountain Settlement School: “…dancing is an all-the-year pleasure for us, with Miss Wells and Miss Christensen to teach classes and manage parties….” Abby continued these roles throughout her years at PMSS, and was known for her light footed  “dancing” as she roamed about the campus. The May 1941 issue of the Conifer paid tribute to her contributions to the School:

Miss Winnie Christensen, who has been in charge of May Day for some time, has brought with her this year many new dances that have won the hearty approval of the students. The dancers consider themselves fortunate to have an authority such as Miss Christensen with them each spring to teach a better appreciation of the fine art of folk dancing.

Her keen interest in dancing was also indicated by her life-long membership in the American English Folk Dance Society and her status as one of their leading experts on American folk dance, especially adaptations of English Country Dance styles. Possibly her interest and expertise were passed down from her father Neils, a Danish sea-captain, who would have been familiar with many of the Danish folk-school dances that borrowed from the English Country Dance repertoire.

In addition to her instruction in dance, Abby, a self-taught artist and trained in mechanical drawing, taught mechanical drawing during WWII — from 1944 -1945 and weaving from December 1944 until June 1949. Many of the former children at the School remember her as their “weaving teacher” and many of her weavings still remain in the School collections. As a botanist, she was interested in vegetable dyes and apparently was instrumental in many of the experiments with natural dyes at the School. She is recorded as practicing the art of vegetable dying while at the School and, while not documented, the lovely so-called “rainbow” weavings may be the work of Abby Winch.

Her botanical interests often found her consulting with the staff at the School on landscaping projects and some of the beautiful vistas including native plantings seen in eary photograhs are the result of Abby Winch Christensen’s keen eye for landscaping. She was a good botanist and introduced many at Pine Mountain to the edible morel mushroom. She also “discovered” the so-called “climbing fern,” an unusual trailing fern to that had a tendency to seek higher terrains. It is unique to several locations at Pine Mountain and known for its rarity. She was a close friend of Ruth Gaines who is also credited with keeping a watchful eye on the botanical landscape at Pine Mountain. 

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

Her mechanical drawing skill may best be seen in her drawings of WWII aircraft which were left to the School. Some of her very elegant aeronautical engineering drawings remain at Pine Mountain. Produced as a part of her war effort, the drawings are highly detailed drafts and describe various parts of aircraft used in WWII.

Abby’s presence at Pine Mountain was well-received. Her contributions are lasting and in an early letter of February 28, 1928, to her mother, Abbie Holmes Christensen, Ethel de Long Zande, the School’s co-founder and co-director, tells us 

Winnie [Abby’s other nickname] runs in every day, and I feel very sensible of my blessings every time she comes. … It seems to me I couldn’t contemplate living here on our hill without her for my next-door neighbor.

In another letter, Glyn Morris wrote to Abby Winch on May 10, 1933:

May I take this method of expressing to you again our gratitude for the happy days which you gave us while here this past month [to teach folk dancing at PMSS]. You have left with us here at Pine Mountain many pleasant memories and we sincerely hope that you will come and stay with us again very soon. 

To view Abby Winch Christensen at work see the photographs in the  Esther and Fred Burkhard Collections – Dance which includes many photographs of the May Day celebration at the School in 1941 and other years. Abbie is shown dancing on the “Green” with other dancers and performing, for example, the girl’s “handkerchief dance,” (see above). A list of dances she recommended for the School to include in their repertoire can be found in her correspondence and includes many of the favorites of the genre.

ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN: Later Years

Abbie Winch Christensen never married and spent most of her life traveling extensively in the United States as well as overseas, often with her mother. By 1940, she was living with one of her four siblings, Frederick H. Christensen, his wife Helen (Bun) Christensen, and son in Beaufort, SC, her birthplace. She is listed in the 1940 census as a “florist and artist” and the census indicates that she had her own shop in Beaufort, a lovely small village on the coast of South Carolina. During the 1940s she she continued to come to Pine Mountain to instruct in English Country Dancing. 

Just eight years before she died Abby Winnie wrote to Esther and Fred Burkhard, answering their Christmas greeting on January 9, 1961

Would you believe it — I’m still dancing! Just as I go once a year to the hospital for a physical check up, I go once in so often to dance with a group of English Country dancers. If I can still dance I am still sound and whole!

Abby Winch Christensen died in October 1969 at the age of 82 and is buried in the Beaufort Baptist Church Cemetery. The school on St. Helena Island that her parents helped to found, Penn School, is now the Historic Penn Center, and a National Historic Landmark District. Somewhat similar to Pine Mountain Settlement, the Penn School runs community programs that feature the arts and also engages the community in farming and local crafts of the Gullah people in their instruction cycles.

Thte Penn Center recently awarded a 1 million dollar Mellon Foundation grant focused on the humanities and arts research projects and another earlier Mellon grant focused on the study of environmental humanities in coastal contexts, Penn Center remains one of the most significant African American historical and cultural institutions in existence today. Near Beaufort, SC the Penn Center, is a partner with the Coalition of Sites of Conscience (ICSC) and serves as a retreat for discussion regarding race relations, particularly the complicated issues surrounding freedom, mobility and racial profiling. It serves the local community and offers some residential classes as well as residential scholarships.

Abby Winch Christensen, I suspect, would be so very pleased with the conversion of the school in the service of art for the community of Beaufort and in the growing interest in the arts, agriculture, and race relations in her home-base. As a link to this rich heritage in South Carolina, Pine Mountain Settlement School is so very fortunate to have made the acquaintance of Abby Winch Christensen and to have enjoyed the  dedicated sharing of her extraordinary talents through the years.

Work on the correspondence of Abby Winch Christensen continues in an attempt to fully transcribe the rich history of her relationship with Pine Mountain Settlement School.

ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence Guide 1928-1962
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1928
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1933
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1934
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1935
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1936
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1937
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1938
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1939
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1940
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1941
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1942
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Correspondence 1943

ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Art
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Aviation Drafts 
ABBY WINCH CHRISTENSEN Weaving
Publications PMSS CALENDAR 1947
MEMORIAL PLAQUE FOR SOLDIERS  WWII

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Title	Abby Winch Christensen
Alt. Title	Abby “Winnie” Christensen
Alt. Title	Abbie Winch Christensen
Identifier	ABBIE WINCH CHRISTENSEN
Creator	Pine Mountain Settlement School, Pine Mountain, KY
Alt. Creator	Ann Angel Eberhardt ; Helen Hayes Wykle ;
Subject Keyword	Abby “Winnie” Wince Christensen ; “Abby” Christensen ; Pine Mountain Settlement School ; education ; Radcliff College ; English Folk Song Society ; Appalachian Club ; Appalachian music ; Appalachian dance ; Abbie Mandana Holmes Christensen ; Neils Christensen ; Port Royal Agriculture School ; Penn School; Penn Center; abolitionists ; Quakers ; Sea Islanders ; Union forces ; Confederate forces ; William Penn ; activists ; American Folk Dance Society ; Far House ; Danish folk dancing ; teachers ; Miss Evelyn Wells ; mechanical drawing ; weavers ; botanists ; vegetable dyes ; morel mushrooms ; climbing ferns ; Frederick H. Christensen ; Helen (Bun) Christensen ; Beaufort, SC ; Cambridge, MA ; Pennsylvania ; Pine Mountain Settlement School, KY ;
Subject LCSH	Christensen, Abby “Winnie” Wince, — February 7, 1887 – October 1969. Christensen, Abbie Mandana Holmes  Christensen, Niels Educators — Biography. Women — Southern States — History. Pine Mountain Settlement School (Pine Mountain, Ky.) — History. Harlan County (Ky.) — History. Education — Kentucky — Harlan County. Rural schools — Kentucky — History. Race relations. Schools — Appalachian Region, Southern. Weavers — Appalachian Region, Southern. Folk dancing — Appalachian Region. English Country Dance. Folk dancing, Danish.
Date	2007-06-26
Publisher	Pine Mountain Settlement School, Pine Mountain, KY
Contributor	n/a
Type	Text ; image ;
Format	Original and copies of documents and correspondence in file folders in filing cabinet
Source	Series 9: Biography – Staff/Personnel
Language	English
Relation	Is related to: Pine Mountain Settlement School Collections, Series 9: Biography – Staff/Personnel ; Gullah Tales: South Carolina. Columbia, SC: Educational Television Commission, 2001. Internet resource ; “Christensen Family Papers, 1806-1999,” University Libraries: South Carolina Library ;
Coverage Temporal	1887 – 1969
Coverage Spatial	Beaufort, SC ; Pennsylvania ; Pine Mountain, KY ; Cambridge, MA ;
Rights	Any display, publication, or public use must credit the Pine Mountain Settlement School. Copyright retained by the creators of certain items in the collection, or their descendants, as stipulated by United States copyright law.
Donor	n/a
Description	Core documents, correspondence, writings, and administrative papers of Abbie Winch Christensen ; clippings, photographs, books by or about Abbie Winch Christensen ;
Acquisition	n/d
Citation	“[Identification of Item],” [Collection Name] [Series Number, if applicable]. Pine Mountain Settlement School Institutional Papers. Pine Mountain Settlement School, Pine Mountain, KY.
Processed By	Helen Hayes Wykle ; Ann Angel Eberhardt ;
Last Updated	2007-07-12 hhw ; 2013-11-15 aae ; 2014-06-20 aae ; 2018-12-03 aae ; 2019-09-02 aae ; 2019-09-12 hhw; 2021-06-02 hhw; 2024-08-29 hhw ;
Bibliography	Sources “Christensen Family Papers, 1806 – 1999.” University Libraries: South Carolina Library. http://www.sc.edu/library/socar/mnscrpts/christensen1.html#clist (accessed 2013-11-15). Internet resource. Abbie Mandana Holmes Christensen http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/christensen-abbie-mandana-holmes/ Neils Christensen. Interview. South Carolina Sufferagist Collection Interviews [AUDIO]  Department of Oral History. University of South Carolina. https://digital.library.sc.edu/exhibits/secondwave/niels-christensen-iii/ Tetzlaff, Monica Maria. Cultivating a New South: Abbie Holmes Christensen and the Politics of Race and Gender, 1852–1938. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002.  Abagail Mandana Holmes Christensen [Wikipedia] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Mandana_Holmes_Christensen Conifer – 1941. Series 17: PMSS Publications. Pine Mountain Settlement School Institutional Papers. Pine Mountain Settlement School, Pine Mountain, KY. . Internet resource. THE PINE CONE 1942 April, “Miss Christensen Arrives,” page 4. Series 17: PMSS Publications. Pine Mountain Settlement School Institutional Papers. Pine Mountain Settlement School, Pine Mountain, KY. . Internet resource. PMSS Staff Directory 1913 – present. Series 9: Biography – Staff/Personnel. Pine Mountain Settlement School Institutional Papers. Pine Mountain Settlement School, Pine Mountain, KY. Internet resource. “United States Census, 1940,” index and images. FamilySearch.  https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K486-F7B (accessed 2013-11-14). Abbie Winch Christensen in household of Fredrick H Christensen, Beaufort, Beaufort Township, Beaufort, South Carolina, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 7-1, sheet 2B, family 35, NARA digital publication of T627, roll 3790. Internet resource. “United States Social Security Death Index.” FamilySearch.  https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/VMBJ-95M (accessed 2013-11-14). Abbie Christensen, October 1969; citing U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File, database (Alexandria, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, ongoing). Internet resource. GENI. Biographical Information. Abbie Winch Christensen. https://www.geni.com/people/Abbie/6000000036926781699 (accessed 2016-01-13.)

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